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November 20
Accessed November 2008
http://search.eb.com/women/
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| Jacobs, Jane
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| Jekyll, Gertrude
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| Jiang Qing
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| Joan of Arc, Saint
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| Joliot-Curie, Irène
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| Joyner-Kersee, Jackie
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| Julian of Norwich
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| Kahlo, Frida
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| Kartini, Raden Adjeng
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| Keller, Helen
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| Kempe, Margery
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| Kenyon, Dame Kathleen
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| Khadijah
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| Khansa', al-
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| Kirkpatrick, Jeane
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| Knight, Margaret E.
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| Koken
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| Kollwitz, Käthe
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| Kovalevskaya, Sofya Vasilyevna
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| Krim, Mathilde
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| Kristeva, Julia
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| Krone, Julie
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| Lamarr, Hedy
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| Langer, Susanne K.
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| Leakey, Mary Douglas
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| Leavitt, Henrietta Swan
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| Lee, Ann
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| Lenglen, Suzanne
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| Levi-Montalcini, Rita
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| Leyster, Judith
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| Li Qingzhao
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| Liliuokalani
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| Lispector, Clarice
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| Loren, Sophia
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| Lovelace, Ada King, countess of
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| Luxemburg, Rosa
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| Maathai, Wangari
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| MacKinnon, Catharine A.
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| Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie
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| Madonna
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| Makeba, Miriam
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| Marble, Alice
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| Margaret I
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| Maria Theresa
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| Marie-Antoinette
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| Mary (mother of Jesus)
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| Mary, Queen of Scots
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| Mary Magdalene, Saint
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Mata Hari |
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| Matilda of Canossa
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| Mayer, Maria Goeppert
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| McClintock, Barbara
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| McPherson, Aimee Semple
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| Mead, Margaret
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| Meir, Golda
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| Meitner, Lise
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| Menchú, Rigoberta
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| Mercouri, Melina
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| Mira Bai
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| Mistral, Gabriela
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| Mitchell, Joni
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| Mitchell, Maria
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| Monroe, Marilyn
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| Montessori, Maria
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| Morrison, Toni
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| Munro, Alice
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| Murasaki Shikibu
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| Murdoch, Dame Iris
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| Navratilova, Martina
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| Nefertiti
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| Nevelson, Louise
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| Nightingale, Florence
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| Noether, Emmy
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| Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane
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| Oates, Joyce Carol
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| O'Connor, Sandra Day
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| Okuni
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| Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy
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| Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi
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| Pankhurst, Dame Christabel Harriette; and Pankhurst, Emmeline
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| Parks, Rosa
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| Pavlova, Anna
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| Perkins, Frances
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| Perón, Eva
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| Perpetua
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| Piaf, Edith
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| Pocahontas
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| Polgar, Judit; and Polgar, Zsuzsa
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| Post, Emily
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| Potter, Beatrix
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| Radegunda, Saint
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| Rankin, Jeannette
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| Reno, Janet
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| Rice, Condoleezza
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| Ride, Sally
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| Riefenstahl, Leni
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| Robinson, Joan
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| Robinson, Mary |
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| Roosevelt, Eleanor
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| Rowling, J.K.
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| Sacagawea
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| Sand, George
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| Sanger, Margaret
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| Sappho
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| Sei Shonagon
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| Sheba, Queen of
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| Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft
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| Sheppard, Kate
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| Shipley, Jennifer
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| Smith, Bessie
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| Song Qingling
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| Soong Mei-ling
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| Staël, Germaine de
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| Stanton, Elizabeth Cady
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| Steinem, Gloria
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| Stern, Elizabeth
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| Stewart, Martha
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| Stopes, Marie Charlotte Carmichael
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| Sukarnoputri, Megawati
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| Sutherland, Dame Joan
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| Suttner, Bertha, baroness von
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| Suzman, Helen
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| Szymborska, Wislawa
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| Te Kanawa, Dame Kiri
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| Teresa, Mother
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| Teresa of Ávila, Saint
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| Tereshkova, Valentina
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| Thatcher, Margaret
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| Theodora
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| Truth, Sojourner
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| Tubman, Harriet
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| Umm Kulthum
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| Victoria
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| Vigée-Lebrun, Élisabeth
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| Walker, Kath
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| Walker, Sarah Breedlove
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| Weil, Simone
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| Wheatley, Phillis
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| Whitney, Mary Watson
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| Willard, Frances
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| Williams, Jody
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| Winfrey, Oprah
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| Winnemucca, Sarah
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| Wollstonecraft, Mary
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| Woodhull, Victoria
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| Woolf, Virginia
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| Wu Hou
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| Yalow, Rosalyn S.
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| Yang Guifei
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| Zaharias, Babe Didrikson
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| Zoe |
Accessed November 2008
http://search.eb.com/women/
For millennia, women have left their mark on the world, at times changing the course of history and at other times influencing small but significant spheres of life. Only in the past century, however, have concerted efforts been made to represent women's contributions more fully in history books. Consequently, changes in status for many women in modern times—the right to own property, to vote, and to choose their own careers—may obscure the accomplishments made by women of earlier eras. In profiling 300 women who changed the world, Encyclopædia Britannica has chosen those whose contributions have endured through the ages.
Some, though they lived centuries ago, are still alive in popular culture; music and poetry by the Roman Catholic abbess Hildegard can be heard in contemporary recordings, and Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji is one of the greatest works of Japanese literature. Many women overcame the oppression of their surroundings through determination and ingenuity: Harriet Tubman escaped slavery and risked her life helping others to freedom. Other women grew up in privileged surroundings; the philosopher and mathematician Hypatia and the historian Ban Zhao were born to families that permitted the education of girls in an era when females were rarely even taught to read.
Not all of these women changed the world for the good. Filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl produced propaganda films that glorified Adolf Hitler's brutal Third Reich. Many suffered through the deeds of Jiang Qing, who fought bitterly to advance her own political powers during China's Cultural Revolution.
Some were warriors such as Boudicca, who led a bloody rebellion against the Romans. Others advocated peace: Bertha, baroness von Suttner, influenced the creation of the Nobel Peace Prize that would eventually be won by many women, including Wangari Maathai and Mother Teresa. Like Mother Teresa, many were driven by religious conviction. Khadijah's belief in her husband Muhammad's revelations helped lay the foundation of Islam. Joan of Arc's divine inspiration led the French in a decisive victory against the English. Her feats were celebrated by the poet Christine de Pisan, who also penned some of the earliest commentaries on women's roles in society.
BIOGRAPHIES A-Z
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| Adams, Abigail
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| Adamson, Joy
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| Addams, Jane
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| Adelaide, Saint
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| Aethelflaed
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| Agnesi, Maria Gaetana
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| 'A'ishah
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| Akhmatova, Anna
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| Albright, Madeleine
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| Anna Comnena
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| Anthony, Susan B.
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| Apgar, Virginia
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| Aquino, Corazon
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| Arbus, Diane
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| Arendt, Hannah
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| Arzner, Dorothy
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| Asclepigenia
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| Ashrawi, Hanan
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| Aung San Suu Kyi
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| Austen, Jane
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| Baez, Joan
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| Ball, Lucille
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| Ban Zhao
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| Bandaranaike, Sirimavo R.D.
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| Beauvoir, Simone de
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| Bell, Gertrude
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| Bernadette of Lourdes, Saint
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| Bernhardt, Sarah
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| Bhutto, Benazir
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| Bickerdyke, Mary Ann
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| Blackwell, Elizabeth
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| Blankers-Koen, Fanny
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| Boudicca
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| Boulanger, Nadia
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| Bradstreet, Anne
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| Bridget of Sweden, Saint
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| Brontë, Charlotte
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| Brontë, Emily
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| Brundtland, Gro Harlem
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| Bryceland, Yvonne
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| Burbidge, Margaret
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| Butcher, Susan
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| Cabrera, Lydia
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| Calkins, Mary Whiton
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| Campbell, Kim
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| Cannon, Annie Jump
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| Caraway, Hattie Ophelia
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| Carson, Rachel
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| Cáslavská, Vera |
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| Cassatt, Mary
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| Catherine II
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| Catherine de Médicis
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| Catherine of Aragon
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| Catherine of Siena, Saint
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| Cecilia, Saint
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| Chamorro, Violeta Barrios de
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| Chanel, Gabrielle
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| Charles, Eugenia
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| Child, Julia
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| Chisholm, Shirley
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| Christina
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| Christine de Pisan
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| Churchill, Caryl
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| Ciller, Tansu
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| Cixi
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| Cixous, Hélène
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| Clare of Assisi, Saint
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| Clark, Helen
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| Cleopatra
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| Clinton, Hillary Rodham
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| Clotilda, Saint
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| Colette
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| Collins, Eileen
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| Constance
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| Cori, Gerty
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| Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la
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| Curie, Marie
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| Davis, Bette
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| Deneuve, Catherine
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| Deng Yingchao
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| Deren, Maya
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| Diana, princess of Wales
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| Dickinson, Emily
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| Dietrich, Marlene
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| Dinesen, Isak
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| Ding Ling
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| Dix, Dorothea Lynde
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| Djebar, Assia
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| Doi Takako
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| Droste-Hülshoff, Annette von
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| Duncan, Isadora
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| Dunham, Katherine
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| Dworkin, Andrea
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| Earhart, Amelia
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| Ebadi, Shirin
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| Eddy, Mary Baker
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| Ederle, Gertrude
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| Eleanor of Aquitaine |
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| Elion, Gertrude B.
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| Eliot, George
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| Elizabeth I
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| Elizabeth II
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| Evora, Cesaria
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| Fatimah
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| Finnbogadóttir, Vigdís
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| Fitzgerald, Ella
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| Fleming, Williamina Paton Stevens
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| Fontana, Lavinia
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| Förster-Nietzsche, Elisabeth
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| Fossey, Dian
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| Frank, Anne
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| Franklin, Aretha
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| Franklin, Rosalind
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| Fraser, Dawn
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| Fredegund
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| Friedan, Betty
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| Gandhi, Indira
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| Gaohou
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| Garbo, Greta
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| Gentileschi, Artemisia
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| Gilman, Charlotte Anna Perkins
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| Ginsburg, Ruth Bader
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| Goldman, Emma
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| Gómez de Avellaneda, Gertrudis
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| Goodall, Jane
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| Gordimer, Nadine
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| Graham, Martha
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| Grandin, Temple
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| Grimké, Sarah; and Grimké, Angelina
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| Guy-Blaché, Alice
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| Hamm, Mia
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| Hatshepsut
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| Helena, Saint
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| Henie, Sonja
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| Hepburn, Katharine
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| Herschel, Caroline Lucretia
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| Hildegard, Saint
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| Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot
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| Hojo Masako
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| Hopper, Grace Murray
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| Horney, Karen
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| Hrosvitha
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| Hurston, Zora Neale
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| Hutchinson, Anne
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| Hypatia
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| Ibarbourou, Juana de
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| Irene
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| Irigaray, Luce
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| Isabella I |
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